The stomach is a sac-like organ located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It is part of the digestive system, the operation of the storage and digestion of food through the stomach acid juices. After leaving the stomach, partially digested food passes into the small intestine and the colon.
The development of stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, usually occurs as a result of chronic inflammation. This may be due to two risk factors for exterior and interior. A risk factor is something that increases your risk of contracting a disease. Risk factors for the development of gastric cancer are:
• One or more of the following medical conditions:
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the stomach.
- Chronic gastritis (stomach).
- Pernicious anemia.
- Intestinal metaplasia (a condition where the normal gastric mucosa is replaced by cells that line the intestines).
- Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or gastric polyps.
• Eat a diet high in salt, smoked foods and low in fruits and vegetables.
• Eat foods that have not been prepared or stored properly.
• Be over 55 years old male.
• Do not smoke.
• Having a mother, father, sister or brother who has had stomach cancer.
According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), approximately 760 000 cases of stomach cancer are diagnosed worldwide and more than 24,000 cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. A higher incidence in Japan, South America, Eastern Europe and parts of the Middle East. Worldwide, stomach cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death. The overall prognosis of gastric cancer is poor because the detection is rare in the preclinical phase.
Diagnosis of stomach cancer is to take a detailed medical history and perform a physical examination. Due to the size of the stomach, the first symptoms are often nonspecific and the physical signs are not present until the advanced stages of the disease. The symptoms in the early stages of stomach cancer include indigestion, upset stomach, bloating after meals, mild nausea, loss of appetite, or heartburn. In more advanced stages of gastric cancer patients may have more intense stomach pain, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, weight loss with no known cause, blood in stool, or a palpable mass on physical examination.
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (EGD) is the gold standard procedure for the detection and gastric cancer. In this procedure, an endoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera) is through the mouth and down the throat to examine the inside of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (first part of the small intestine) to check for abnormal areas. Unusual masses, bumps or ulcers may be biopsied and sent for pathological analysis of whether cancer cells are present.
Once the diagnosis of gastric cancer was made, the progress of the spread of the disease must be determined before any treatment intervention. This is done through a process called staging. Once doctors are well organized cancer and how far it has spread to other parts of the body, can decide the best treatment plan. CT and PET is used to detect the staging of the disease spread to other parts of the body. Recently, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was used to assess the depth of tumor invasion involvement of regional lymph nodes or invasion of adjacent organs. Endoscopic ultrasound allows preoperative tumor stage and allows more precise identification of a subgroup of patients who are candidates for preoperative chemotherapy treatment.
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